Jeden czasownik: PISAĆ
One root, ten prefixes. Learn the logic here and robić, jechać and chodzić come nearly free.
napisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to write
- RU
- написать
Napisz do mnie, jak dojedziesz.
Write to me when you get there.
The plain perfective. na- closes the action and adds nothing else — the baseline the other nine bend away from.
podpisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to sign
- RU
- подписать
Podpisz umowę na ostatniej stronie.
Sign the contract on the last page.
pod- is 'under': you write underneath. Hence podpis, a signature.
przepisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to copy out; to prescribe
- RU
- переписать; выписать (лекарство)
Lekarz przepisał mi antybiotyk.
The doctor prescribed me an antibiotic.
prze- is 'across'. Copying moves text across a page; a doctor moves a drug onto one. Both senses are alive and common.
zapisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to note down; to save a file; to enrol
- RU
- записать
Zapisz plik przed zamknięciem.
Save the file before you close it.
za- fixes a thing in place: a note, a saved file, and zapisać się na kurs — to put your own name down.
wypisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to write out; to discharge
- RU
- выписать
Wypisali go ze szpitala w piątek.
They discharged him from hospital on Friday.
wy- is 'out'. Writing a list out, and writing a patient out of a hospital.
dopisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to add in writing; to come through
- RU
- дописать; не подвести
Pogoda nam nie dopisała.
The weather didn't come through for us.
do- means 'in addition'. Then the idiom that has left writing behind entirely: pogoda dopisała — the weather played its part.
opisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to describe
- RU
- описать
Opisz dokładnie, co widziałeś.
Describe exactly what you saw.
o- goes around: you write around a thing until it has been described.
spisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to list, to record
- RU
- составить список, переписать
Spisałeś się na medal.
You did brilliantly.
s- gathers together, so spisać is to inventory. But spisać SIĘ means to acquit yourself well — na medal, worth a medal.
rozpisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to break down, to spread out
- RU
- расписать
Rozpisaliśmy budżet na dwanaście miesięcy.
We broke the budget down across twelve months.
roz- scatters outward: a budget spread over months, a competition announced far and wide.
przypisać
verb · perfective
- EN
- to attribute, to assign
- RU
- приписать
Przypisano mi nowy projekt.
I've been assigned a new project.
przy- attaches to something. A task assigned to a person, a quotation attributed to an author.
Drill these ten · earlier morning · later morning
Drill these ten