Konektory
The joints of an adult sentence. B1 has the words; B2 is what holds them together.
mimo że
conjunction
- EN
- even though, despite the fact that
- RU
- несмотря на то что
Poszedł do pracy, mimo że miał gorączkę.
He went to work even though he had a fever.
Mimo że takes a clause; mimo takes a noun in the genitive — mimo deszczu. Choosing the wrong one is the commonest B2 slip in the language.
o ile
conjunction
- EN
- provided that; as far as
- RU
- если, насколько
O ile wiem, jeszcze nie wrócił.
As far as I know, he hasn't come back yet.
O ile wiem is the standard hedge before a claim. In a condition it means 'provided that', and o ile nie means 'unless'.
skoro
conjunction
- EN
- since, seeing as
- RU
- раз уж, коль скоро
Skoro już tu jesteś, pomóż mi.
Seeing as you're here, give me a hand.
Causal, but only for a reason both of you already accept. Ponieważ introduces new information; skoro leans on shared ground.
zatem
conjunction
- EN
- therefore, so
- RU
- следовательно, итак
Dane są niepełne, zatem wniosek jest przedwczesny.
The data is incomplete, therefore the conclusion is premature.
Formal. In speech people say więc; zatem belongs to writing and to arguments being made carefully.
natomiast
conjunction
- EN
- whereas, on the other hand
- RU
- тогда как, зато
Ja wolę herbatę, on natomiast pije tylko kawę.
I prefer tea, whereas he only drinks coffee.
Contrast without disagreement. Sits mid-sentence far more often than at the front, which is what makes it sound native.
wobec tego
phrase · conjunction
- EN
- in that case, accordingly
- RU
- в таком случае
Nie ma biletów? Wobec tego zostajemy.
No tickets? In that case we're staying.
Draws a practical consequence rather than a logical one — the decision that follows from a fact, not the fact that follows from a premise.
chociaż
conjunction
- EN
- although; at least
- RU
- хотя
Chociaż było zimno, poszliśmy na spacer.
Although it was cold, we went for a walk.
Also does duty as 'at least' with a request: zadzwoń chociaż. Choć is the shorter form and means exactly the same.
dlatego że
conjunction
- EN
- because
- RU
- потому что
Nie przyszedł, dlatego że zachorował.
He didn't come because he fell ill.
Dlatego alone means 'that is why' and points forward; dlatego że points back to a cause. Dropping the że reverses the sentence.
poza tym
phrase
- EN
- besides, apart from that
- RU
- кроме того
Jest drogo, a poza tym daleko.
It's expensive, and besides, it's far.
Adds a second, independent reason. Zresztą does something subtler — it half-retracts what came before.
byleby
conjunction
- EN
- as long as, just so that
- RU
- лишь бы
Zrobię wszystko, byleby zdążyć.
I'll do anything as long as we make it.
The byle family again: byle kto, byle jak, and now byleby. It always carries 'whatever it takes, quality be damned'.
Drill these ten · earlier morning · later morning
Drill these ten