Ocena i dystans
How sure you are, said precisely. This is the register that separates an opinion from an assertion.
rzekomo
adverb
- EN
- allegedly, supposedly
- RU
- якобы
Rzekomo miał o tym nie wiedzieć.
He allegedly didn't know about it.
Carries scepticism, unlike podobno which is neutral hearsay. This is the exact counterpart of якобы.
najwyraźniej
adverb
- EN
- evidently, clearly
- RU
- судя по всему, очевидно
Najwyraźniej nikogo nie ma w domu.
Evidently nobody's home.
An inference from evidence rather than knowledge. From wyraźny, distinct — the thing is showing plainly.
pozornie
adverb
- EN
- seemingly, on the face of it
- RU
- на первый взгляд, кажущимся образом
Pozornie prosta sprawa.
A seemingly simple matter.
Always sets up a contradiction — pozornie X, ale Y. Announcing that the appearance is about to be corrected is the whole job of the word.
prawdopodobnie
adverb
- EN
- probably
- RU
- вероятно
Prawdopodobnie się spóźnię.
I'll probably be late.
The formal register of chyba. From prawdopodobny, literally truth-resembling.
bezsprzecznie
adverb
- EN
- indisputably
- RU
- бесспорно
Bezsprzecznie najlepszy w zespole.
Indisputably the best on the team.
From sprzeczka, a quarrel — literally without argument. The strongest claim in this batch, so spend it carefully.
wątpliwy
adjective
- EN
- doubtful, dubious
- RU
- сомнительный
Wątpliwa jakość, dobra cena.
Dubious quality, good price.
Wątpliwej jakości is faint praise made lethal. The noun wątpliwość and the verb wątpić complete the family.
w gruncie rzeczy
phrase · adverb
- EN
- essentially, when it comes down to it
- RU
- по сути, в сущности
W gruncie rzeczy chodzi o pieniądze.
When it comes down to it, it's about money.
Literally 'in the ground of the matter'. Signals that everything said so far was surface.
rzecz jasna
phrase · adverb
- EN
- of course, naturally
- RU
- разумеется
Rzecz jasna, nikt się nie przyznał.
Naturally, nobody owned up.
More writerly than jasne, and it often carries a dry edge — the thing is obvious and slightly disappointing.
o ile mi wiadomo
phrase
- EN
- as far as I know
- RU
- насколько мне известно
O ile mi wiadomo, jeszcze nie zdecydowali.
As far as I know they haven't decided yet.
The o ile you met among the connectors, now in a fixed hedge. Wiadomo is impersonal — 'it is known'.
nie da się ukryć
phrase
- EN
- there's no hiding it, admittedly
- RU
- не скроешь, надо признать
Nie da się ukryć, że było ciężko.
There's no denying it was hard.
Impersonal nie da się — 'it cannot be done' — which is a construction worth having on its own.
Drill these ten · earlier morning · later morning
Drill these ten